The Lord of War Thomas Hobbes

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) was an English philosopher friend of Galileo who took the mechanical theories of physics to devise a system of thought that has a lot of metaphysics, psychology, epistemology, sociology, politics and ethics without being fully any of these disciplines in isolation. Although it is difficult to pigeonhole, erratically not saying it is logical empiricist, mechanistic, and a continuation of rationalism inaugurated by Descartes in the wake of modernism. In the monumental work “Leviathan” Hobbes wrote that the state, in which sovereignty resides and power, is a necessary evil to quell the natural selfishness of men, left in absolute freedom, will enter into a war of all against all (bellum omnium contra omnes) for man (and woman, lest we forget, that’s what Mrs. Thatcher reconnaissance …) is the “wolf man”, ie, tends to destroy the weaker making it a victim of his ferocity, their greed, wickedness, and that, said Hobbes, people have registered with it three causes of social dispute: the distrust of all others, competition with the rest, and the desire for fame. If you let people follow their natural greed, Hobbes said, would come the general war, anarchy and total destruction of society. Therefore, it is necessary to “transfer” some rights to own a fabulous monster which consists of those captured collective wishes to minimize the evil that could make being loose. This monster is the State (the Leviathan of the Bible: Job evoked by a monster to demonstrate the incommensurable of thought of God and his designs).

When I do this deposit as an individual, the good of all, I give my ability to do justice to the State. Therefore I can not execute a thief stealing even find him in my house, I leave to the State the penalty agreed to in the civil code. Watching the news in newspapers and TV ineffable tempts us to ask: we do not again very close to this war that Mr. Hobbes proclaimed 500 years ago? Does not look like this crossroads of assaults, robberies, murders and crime to the “war of all against all? Do not distrust the common people of the state to administer justice efficiently? The much vaunted neo-liberal proposed reducing the state’s functions to a minimum. Do not forget the endless slogans of Mr. Menem repeating the age-old recipes of Mr. Alsogaray “we have to shrink the state” and extreme privatizing transportation, production, education, private healthcare. While liberalism proposed by the laissez-faire business to free enterprise, never gave up the three obligations of Leviathan: administering justice, providing education on a level playing field and address the public health.

There are many factors that stir up the social war increasingly strident: the chasm between rich and poor, the total marginalization of vast masses of people pushed out to villages and settlements, left to “Hand of God” that never harbored much anyone, bereft of education, without competing for work that increasingly demands more, without vision and plagued by all the diseases of neglect, malnutrition and addiction. It appears that disabled state of neo-liberalism abandoned the weakest, the sheep of the system, in the hands of wolves. But the sheep, it seems, stopped the mildness of the pastures and learned to hunt in the worst way: becoming cannibals.

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Understanding The World Bank

The world’s largest oil corporations, multilateral institutions who support them, as the World Bank and large NGOs. They are responsible for putting the fate of the planet, especially when it comes out what happens to people in places and regions where these large oil corporations more directly exert their action and on which leave their specific brand of oil spills and blood. a The World Bank (year 2000) approved loans worth approximately $ 200 million for the project, the Chad-Shrimp, present area where Exxon Mobil and Chevron (Friends of the Earth, 2001). The World Bank supported while the great and gigantic projects, critical by Environmentalists in the ’70s and 80 for supporting the construction of large dams, roads and other infrastructure for the expansion of development. a The greatest success of the Small Projects Program of the World Bank may be cooling the contradictions generated by the development projects themselves, which, on the other end, with Bank support through its Major Projects Program ( PGP). In the case of environmental issues, specifically, much of the resources for environmental policies in poor countries comes from the World Bank and other multilateral institutions.

a A study in Funbio, a nongovernmental organization stimulated by the World Bank (which gives the institutional and financial support), aimed at applying the Convention of Biological Diversity in different countries, in this case in Brazil. Notably a institutional format and power of the NGO, was one of the most pathetic of these societies. Something similar happened in Ecuador when (where You can find indigenous Huaorani) a gave the Italian Agip Oil transnational, permission to build an oil platform, extending a pipeline and extracting the oil from the northeastern province of Pastaza in exchange for the company turn over: (…) to each one of the six communities Huaorani, a classroom, a health course, a radio, a battery with solar panel, 50 kilos of rice, 50 of sugar, two cubes of fat, a bag of salt, a judge and two whistle footballs, 15 plates, 15 cups and a closet with $ 200 on medicines in a single partisan (Marin, 2003).

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Purpose Of Law And / Or Legal Values

The right, as any work of man has been created for something, you have an ultimate goal which in turn is his reason for being. What is that "something" that the right want to achieve? Where do legal science is conducted? What are the values that are part of their "being" and that while he wants to enter the global society? We touch here the interesting question of the essence of law. For GERMAN ROJAS GONZALEZese "something" are the fundamental values of society. Others are the same legal values of all legislative system. The end is only the proposed point of arrival or the point where, lately, we've come. The end of a route. The point from where we can no longer further.

The ultimate achievement of an action, of an existence of a being. But do not forget, means the point where "we" arrive. The item proposed by our own reasoning as a stage where we want to achieve the ideal reach. The purpose is also implicit in the concept of desire, longing, aspiration. This ambiguity of expression is not uncommon to find authors as important as saying the same Aftalion Justice, the common good, peace, equity, security can never be considered as an end, it can never be achieved. "The end state is a proposal to our freedom as a point of arrival, a situation which is reached when the end actually performed. A goal is a state which is reached and, once achieved, must be abandoned, since the creative freedom of life can not stop.

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Exact Entrepreneur

In connection with this very important point is your good behavior in a surprise appearance of staff of the supervisory authority. At the same time to visit unexpected guests should be prepared not only to the head, but also those employees who may remain in his absence for seniors or his deputies. As a general rule, any test begins with the announcement of its implementation and presentation of identification cards of persons who are members of the supervisory authority. Carefully read their official identities. If the inspectors do not take out their identity or not give you the opportunity to familiarize themselves with its content, it is a violation on their part. Moreover, without having to ascertain the identity of individuals visiting you and not identifying them as belonging to Rospotrebnadzor employees, you may, in principle, do not let them into the territory of the firm or place of business of the individual entrepreneur. Another important document that should be available for inspection and brought to you for review – is an order to conduct monitoring activities. At the same time note: this requirement is always targeted, that is, must contain the exact name of the audited entity.

Frequent cases where the staff of the supervisory authority comes with a prescription for a specific entity, but to find in a place that operates here as an individual entrepreneur, and his attempt to check activities, too. However, this is a gross violation of the audited entity. For this reason, carefully read these documents and if not found in it the name of your company or your name, be sure to commit such a breach on the part of auditors, and specify that the right to verify your organization or you as an individual entrepreneur they do not, and hence of inspection initially illegal.

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Vice President

In the conditions of today’s globalized economy, the serious crisis we are experiencing shows the infeasibility of the neoliberal model based on the indefinite growth (without respect for the limits of nature), the deregulation of markets and maintenance of shameful tax havens. Environmental degradation and poverty in the world are challenges that reach to the whole of humanity. This confronts the challenge of achieving sustainability in a world whose natural resources are limited. The availability of fossil fuels, raw materials, clean water, clean air and up to own climate balance are now at a critical point. Even food are scarce alarmingly in areas more poor, as a result of the speculation. People around the world suffer the consequences of these problems which, for the most part, have not generated. The quality of life of the poorest has deteriorated because of hunger and poverty, but also the quality of life of the richest is compromised by climate change, the economic crisis and social problems affecting security in all its aspects. Contact with what is essential is lost when confused be and have, live and consume, when you convert the existence in a strategy to grow quantitatively.

Which we want to present as a mere financial crisis is only a visible part of a systemic crisis that requires courageous, imaginative solutions and inclusive. You can not be addressed simply pumped economic resources in some areas of the system, or boosting production in traditional sectors of the economy, but with a paradigm shift that puts the attention on human and environmental sustainability. And the first steps consist in addressing the problem of climate change and put an end to poverty, ensuring that all persons who breathe the common air of the earth can make real their right to lead a dignified existence. On the problem of climate change we have long been alerted since scientific sectors. The influence of human action on climate is demonstrated, as also the possibilities of the system from abrupt if not appropriate measures are quickly addressed.

It is not legitimate to postpone this serious environmental issue that requires an international consensus no less important and urgent that which has raised the financial issue, because in the mitigation of climate change, in the correction of its causes, will the sustainable future of humanity on the planet. We call, therefore, the action of our Government in this matter is decided and firm, in line with its gravity, devoting resources of all kinds to the development of renewable energy and the search for corrective measures in our emissions of greenhouse gases, among others, in the framework of a coordinated and efficient international action. * Foundation culture of peace, basic income Observatory of ATTAC-Madrid, UNESCO Chair in environmental education and sustainable development of the UNED, cooperative Proempleo, Vice President of the Foundation stock, group of research education of people Adults and development at the University of Seville.

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The Wise Jury

An Attorney is always defending somebody in our environs. Also the cousin of my father militated with the right, of Afenir name War, that functioned as easily-signed attorney. Later the great Eliezer Ribeiro the treasury department left and was to also work hard as lawyer. This wise person very of right and Portuguese language, however, wise person not to charge honorary. The famous lawyers were of are, the brothers Dartur and Darly, of Mantena. I am a person who did not have doubts in the hour to choose that course to make. I believe that with twelve years already wise person that I wanted to study right.

My grandmother to Miguel found intelligent and ordered me I to unfold the color arithmethic table, to only impress its customers of aougue that possua. After all, as peace judge it nothing earned. The pride of it was to see judge to me. When I became lawyer it I was very proud. It did not only understand why I always said that I would leave of being lawyer to be defender I publish or attorney general. He did not want to be judge. Coming back the Marluce doctor, it and others already also cited had been good influence for the choice of my profession.

I was forum always rat and attended the judgments in the Court of the Jury with frequency. One day Marluce doctor was defending a man who had killed the other why that one had inquietado its family. That is, the woman decides to botar a burrow of bull in the citizen and who paid o duck is who was helping it. The thesis of prohibited age legitimizes defense of honor.

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Supreme Court Rules

The Federal Supreme Court had to deal recently with the marketability of a mouth rinsing solution, that contains a concentration of 0.12% chlorhexidine. A company sells this product as a cosmetic Center of competitors of the company sells a similar product as a medicinal and resulted in a competition dispute with the instances. According to the competitor involved in tackling controversial an unapproved drug, pharmacological effect and is due to their packaging and the product information for the average consumer also as medicines constitutes. Frankfurt am main regional court had rejected the claim of the competitor but also appeal to the Frankfurt stayed higher regional court without success. The Supreme Court overturned both decisions.

First the Supreme Court commented, on the question whether the product was a drug due to its outer appearance (so-called medicinal products presentation). The competitors argued that the Average consumer referring on the therapeutic purpose of the straight through the special emphasis of the fact, that the product of the defendants reduce bacterial plaque, whose reforming Hamid, protect the gums and contribute to the preservation of oral health. The BGH considers this fact but not enough, especially because the product with the purpose especially highlighted in bold “oral care” on the packaging is marked and this remind of the life experience that it was resolving only a nourishing product. Otherwise not follow also from the packaging leaflet, whereby the consumer application of the preparation with discoloration of the teeth and tongue have to expect. Such a notice could lead to a presentation medicines because only then, if the consumer would assume that he could use cosmetic mouth rinses free of side effects and permanently. By a corresponding set of experience can still view of the BGH not assumed be.

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BBs Delay

Consumer rights confirmed the delay time is actually one would expect anything else: the European Court of Justice (ECJ) has confirmed its case-law concerning compensation for passengers in case of delays. Nevertheless, glad it the consumer advocates that is equated, what is the same. “In the proceedings, which were the decision of the ECJ to reason, the airlines argued, that in the relevant European air passenger rights regulation (Regulation EC No 261 / 2004) compensation only for the case of the cancellation of the flight is intended for simple delays” flights, but the authorities have provided no compensation. The passenger, who has a shortened vacation, a missed appointment or other disadvantages and it should be pretty no matter which looks different why the airline has breached its contractual obligation to carry. And hand on heart BBs: who is at the airport whether the flight is cancelled, or only a few hours has been moved? That must be a delay in the arrival of more than three hours and the airline has to represent the delay is crucial therefore in future. This is not the case, if an event from outside the operating airline is cause of delay.

Classic examples include severe weather, war, strikes (also of own staff!) and fundamental problems of the airport operator, E.g. contaminated kerosene, which makes impossible a recharge. Whether and to what extent compensation claims are entitled, can check if in doubt by a consumer protection organisation, a lawyer, or a lawyer. Lawyer Wiebke Meyer-Arndt Ippendorfer Allee 53 53127 Bonn Tel. 0228/96162975

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Supreme Court Rules Single Parents

Dittenheber & Werner from Munich inform the lawyers on the basis of a judgment of the Federal Court, single parents must work full-time if a support possibility for the child. This decision will benefit especially fathers, who no longer live in a permanent household with the mother. The regulation of claims of mother-to-child support must be considered so new. Inform the lawyers Christian Dittenheber & Gunther Werner in Munich about the background of the judgment. An increased burden on single parents is a divorced mother of a girl in the second grade worked on a half day basis and related maintenance 440,00 euros in addition every month from your ex-husband. It wanted to deepen–but as a result of the amended divorce law maintenance and filed an amendment lawsuit. The District Court of Grevenbroich and the OLG Dusseldorf rejected the claim of the ex-husband. Transition to a full-time job not in the interest of the child’s lower instances stressed that this would be a not verlangbare load on the nut.

This forced, in a full-time job would be to go and worry in addition as a single parent to the child. Here, a transition to a day job would not be in the interest of the child. The daughter had been already two years in a foster family housed before the mother again looked after the child. Children must be not cared for by the mother the judgments of the OLG Dusseldorf and of the District Court of Grevenbroich were however lifted by the family of Senate of the Federal Supreme Court. “The case was again redirected to the OLG Dusseldorf, as the OLG no radical individual individual circumstances” had led. The Karlsruhe judges thus saw no reason why the mother should take a full day job.

He argued that the support from mother is itself not mandatory in the afternoon. According to versions of the family Senate of the Federal Supreme Court there would be no justification, why the single mother of the child at a full-time job over compulsory burden”would be. This established the judges in Karlsruhe that a relevant statement could be taken not lump-sum, but each case should be considered individually. The single mother is now in the burden of proof, which is why this can be a full-time job. Fails the mother so you will demands to accept a full-time job and as much to work, as the ex-husband, which is subject to any duty of care. This can the demands of mother-to-child support composed new and need to be considered individually new. For more information on the ruling of the OLG Dusseldorf lawyers Dittenheber and Werner are available.

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BGB Tenant

The lawyers inform Pach & Pach from Nuremberg on the 12.01. 2011 the Supreme Court concerning the permissibility was one in hindsight by the landlord made amendment of the incidental expenses accounting for premises (BGH VIII ZR 296/09). The Nuremberg firm Pach & Pach leasing specialists describe the foundations and implications of the ruling. The decision of the Federal Court of Justice was based on the revision sought of a tenant who contested the legality of a correction made by the landlord to his detriment on the service charge settlement for the year 2006. In all previous instances, his desire had already been rejected. The controversial situation is presented as follows: In July 2007, the defendant landlord had created an invoice for costs for the year 2006 from the credits of the tenant the amount of 185, 96 euros arose.

This settlement he brought the tenant agrees and they charged in August with the tenant account. In the aftermath of the landlord noticed that incorrectly heating oil amounting to 4613,32 euros not in the questionable costs calculation was incorporated. Then he created new, the Bill taking into account this circumstance which resulted in a tenant credit reduced to 138,08 euro for the year 2006. He charged the difference to the incorrectly calculated balances in December 2007 in turn with the tenant account, whereas the tenants moved to the BGH. The responsible among other things for the housing tenancy VIII. decided civil Senate of the Federal Supreme Court in the case in favor of the landlord. He ruled that it stands to BGB the landlord of housing on the basis of 556 para 3 sentence 2, to modify the service charge settlement within one year after the end of the billing cycle to the detriment of the lessee.

He would have this right even if on the basis of assumptions that turned out later as wrong, already an invoice was created and charged with the tenant account. That the landlord made a faulty clearing, justify no fault acknowledgement in turn, as a result, they would be legally binding. This decision of the BGH allows the landlord a subsequently successful, objectively justified correction of bills of costs within the annual period of 556 para 3 sentence 2 BGB. Is the period elapsed, also incorrectly created settlements become legally binding and may be changed only if the landlord has not represented the cause of change. Through the legal clarification on the reversibility of incidental expenses accounting, the Federal Supreme Court creates legal certainty for both landlord and tenant. Both parties of the contract now know at what point they to go out have the legally binding nature of a utility bill. Tenant or landlord feel unsure regarding the legal admissibility of a specific service charge settlement, is to advise them to consult specialist anwaltlich. The Nuremberg firm Pach & Pach leasing specialists are available anytime for this concern.

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